In conclusion, our study provides c

In conclusion, our study provides clear evidence that different ILC populations are present in human decidua and also sheds light on the developmental relationship among dNK cells, NCR+ILC3, and LTi-like cells. The ability of ILC1 and ILC3 to release pro-inflammatory cytokines suggests that they may exert an innate antimicrobial role, thus contributing to defenses against infectious agents. In addition, ILC3 may contribute to both tissue building/remodeling and neo-angiogenesis through IL-8 production. It is possible that altered ILC differentiation and function may result in pregnancy failure consequent to infection or to deficient tissue and vessel formation.