Molecular pathogenesis of coronavirus diseasesand of COVID-19Coronaviruses utilize their S protein to enter host cells(rev. in (de Wit et al. 2016; Brian and Baric 2005)). Inhumans, for SARS-1 and 2, this entry occurs via the hostcell surface enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) receptor. This interaction is so critically importantthat the human-adapted SARS-CoV infects mice poorlyor not at all unless the human molecule is introduced intothe mouse as a transgene (McCray et al. 2007). Indeed,molecular evolution of SARS-2 suggests that the bat virusevolved to infect humans by mutating precisely the part ofthe S glycoprotein necessary for receptor binding. Someother mutations have been hypothesized to be stabilizingto the virus (Angeletti et al. 2020), but it is unclear whetherthis relates to environmental stability and persistence onsurfaces or to other parameters of stability. MERS-CoVutilizes CD26, or dipeptidyl peptidase 4, for cellular entry(de Wit et al. 2016). After the membrane fusion, viralRNA genome is uncoated and begins the translation of thelong ORF, transcription of subgenomic RNAs and viralreplication and assembly with structural proteins, followed by budding via the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi intermediate compartment and release via plasma membranefusion (rev. in (de Wit et al. 2016)).
Molecular pathogenesis of coronavirus diseases<br>and of COVID-19<br>Coronaviruses utilize their S protein to enter host cells<br>(rev. in (de Wit et al. 2016; Brian and Baric 2005)). In<br>humans, for SARS-1 and 2, this entry occurs via the host<br>cell surface enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2<br>(ACE2) receptor. This interaction is so critically important<br>that the human-adapted SARS-CoV infects mice poorly<br>or not at all unless the human molecule is introduced into<br>the mouse as a transgene (McCray et al. 2007). Indeed,<br>molecular evolution of SARS-2 suggests that the bat virus<br>evolved to infect humans by mutating precisely the part of<br>the S glycoprotein necessary for receptor binding. Some<br>other mutations have been hypothesized to be stabilizing<br>to the virus (Angeletti et al. 2020), but it is unclear whether<br>this relates to environmental stability and persistence on<br>surfaces or to other parameters of stability. MERS-CoV<br>utilizes CD26, or dipeptidyl peptidase 4, for cellular entry<br>(de Wit et al. 2016). After the membrane fusion, viral<br>RNA genome is uncoated and begins the translation of the<br>long ORF, transcription of subgenomic RNAs and viral<br>replication and assembly with structural proteins, followed by budding via the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi intermediate compartment and release via plasma membrane<br>fusion (rev. in (de Wit et al. 2016)).
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