The exercises tend to have short to moderate-length answers, and the answers are not in the textbook. The exercises use these formats: short-answer, tracing, debugging, and write a code fragment. Exercises are keyed to the highest prerequisite section number in the chapter, but they sometimes integrate concepts from several parts of the chapter. For this third edition, we have changed almost all of the end-of-chapter exercises, including exercises associated with unchanged material in the body of the text