River floodplains are associated wi

River floodplains are associated with both positive and negative environmental amenities that impact their suitability for human settlement40,41. Panel B in Fig. 1 shows how the population projection that considers environmental (dis)amenities in floodplains and household-level DRR deviates from the baseline projection. Positive amenities associated with floodplains are approximated using values derived from studies that apply hedonic pricing techniques, which generally find that positive environmental qualities associated with river proximity decay over distance42. The predominant environmental disamenity of river proximity is perceived flood risk, which is simulated in our flood risk model (see Methods). In our simulation, household-level DRR is considered as a strategy for households to reduce flood risk, which is done through a household-level assessment of costs and perceived benefits of wet- and dry flood-proofing measures (see Methods). The option to reduce flood risk may increase the attractiveness of floodplain settlement for some households.