The four types of pairs included 16 pairs of visual objects (VV pairs), 16 pairs of sounds (AA pairs), 16 visual objects paired with sounds (VA), and 16 sounds paired with visual objects (AV). To control for the effect of specific items all individual stimuli were counterbalanced between position as a cue or target, and between pair condition type (VV, AA,VA, and AV). During encoding all participants were exposed to all of the pairs across all conditions 6 times.