2. Clinical manifestations
A fixed thyroid lump with hard consistency & uneven surface
In undifferentiated cancer, rapid growth of lesion followed by characteristic invasion to surrounding tissue.
secondary symptoms & signs: (advanced tumor)
Hoarseness, dysphagia, dyspnea, Horner’s syndrome,
LN involvement & distant metastasis in advanced cases
(LN metastasis occur early in undifferentiated cancer).
Distant metastasis: bone, lung ,liver
In MTC: multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes 2 (MEN 2)
usually having with family history
produce 5-HT & calcitonin
diarrhea, flushing face, & hypocalcaemia.