1.7.2 Synchronic vs. diachronicA synchronic study takes a fixed instan的简体中文翻译

1.7.2 Synchronic vs. diachronicA sy

1.7.2 Synchronic vs. diachronicA synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that unless the various state of a language are successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 1.7.3 Langue & paroleSaussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole. Langue is relative stable and systematic, parole is subject to personal and situational constraints; langue is not spoken by an individual, parole is always a naturally occurring event. What a linguist should do, according to Saussure, is to draw rules from a mass of confused facts, i.e. to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole and make them the subject of linguistics. 1.7.4 Competence & performanceAccording to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence enables a speaker to produce and understand and indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker’s performance does not always match his supposed competence. Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, though similar to, Saussure’s langue-parole distinction. Langue is a social product and a set of conventions of a community, while competence is deemed as a property of mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.
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1.7.2同步性与历时性<br>同步性研究以一个固定的瞬间(通常在当前)为观察点。索绪尔的历时性描述是一种在语言发展过程中对语言的研究。例如,对莎士比亚时代所用英语的特征进行研究将是同步的,而对自那时以来英语所经历的变化的研究将是历时性的。在现代语言学中,共时学习似乎比历时学习优先。原因是,除非成功研究一种语言的各种状态,否则很难描述其历史发展中发生的变化。<br>1.7.3语言和假释<br>索绪尔将说话者的语言能力和语言学的实际现象或数据区分为语言和假释。语言是相对稳定和系统的,假释受到个人和情况的限制;语言不是个人说的,假释始终是自然发生的事件。根据索绪尔的观点,语言学家应该做的是从大量混乱的事实中得出规则,即发现支配所有假释实例的规则并使它们成为语言学的主题。<br>1.7.4能力和绩效<br>根据乔姆斯基的说法,语言用户关于规则系统的基础知识称为语言能力,而在具体情况下实际使用语言称为性能。胜任力使说话者能够产生和理解不定数量的句子,并识别出语法错误和歧义。演讲者的能力稳定,而他的表现通常受心理和社会因素的影响。因此,演讲者的表现并不总是与其假定的能力相匹配。乔姆斯基认为,语言学家应该研究能力而不是表现。乔姆斯基的能力-绩效差异与索绪尔的语言假释差异并不完全相同,尽管相似。语言是一种社会产品,是一个社区的惯例,而能力被视为每个人的心智财产。索绪尔更多地从社会学或社会语言学的角度看待语言,而不是乔姆斯基,因为后者从心理学或语言学角度处理他的问题。
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1.7.2 同步与同步<br>同步研究以固定的瞬间(通常目前)作为观测点。索苏雷的时序描述是研究一种语言的历史过程。例如,对莎士比亚时代所用英语特征的研究是同步的,而对英语自那时以来所发生的变化的研究将是一项时序研究。在现代语言学中,同步研究似乎优先于时序研究。原因是,除非成功地研究一种语言的各种状态,否则很难描述其历史发展中发生的变化。<br> 1.7.3 兰格 + 假释<br>Saussure将演讲者的语言能力和语言学的实际现象或数据作为语言和假释进行区分。假释相对稳定、系统化,受人身和情情制约;语言不是由个人说话, 假释总是一个自然发生的事件。根据S一ssure的说法,语言学家应该做的,就是从大量混乱的事实中得出规则,即发现所有假释案件的规律性,并把它们作为语言学的主题。<br> 1.7.4 能力和绩效<br>据乔姆斯基说,语言用户对规则体系的基本知识称为语言能力,而语言在具体情况下的实际使用称为性能。能力使演讲者能够产生和理解和无限数量的句子,并识别语法错误和模棱两可。演讲者的能力是稳定的,而他的表现往往受到心理和社会因素的影响。因此,演讲者的表现并不总是符合他所谓的能力。乔姆斯基认为语言学家应该学习能力,而不是表现。乔姆斯基的能力与表现的区别与索苏尔的语言-假释区分并不完全相同,尽管与索苏尔的语言-假释的区别相似。语言是一种社会产品和一套社区的惯例,而能力则被视为每个人心灵的属性。Saussure从社会学或社会语言学的角度看语言,而不是乔姆斯基,因为乔姆斯基在心理上或心理上处理他的问题。
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1.7.2 Synchronic vs. diachronicA synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that unless the various state of a language are successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 1.7.3 Langue & paroleSaussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole. Langue is relative stable and systematic, parole is subject to personal and situational constraints; langue is not spoken by an individual, parole is always a naturally occurring event. What a linguist should do, according to Saussure, is to draw rules from a mass of confused facts, i.e. to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole and make them the subject of linguistics. 1.7.4 Competence & performanceAccording to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence enables a speaker to produce and understand and indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker’s performance does not always match his supposed competence. Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, though similar to, Saussure’s langue-parole distinction. Langue is a social product and a set of conventions of a community, while competence is deemed as a property of mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.<br>
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