More importantly, however, and in line with H3a, the interaction between background orientation and trait dominance reached significance (F (1, 806) = 4.51, p< 0.05). Planned comparisons showed that in the low trait dominance condition, participants did not respond to differences in background ori-entation (MVertical background= 3.08, SD = 0.62 vs. MHorizontal background=3.03, SD=0.64; F