Compared to the TTISIM program, the V3-R1Cmodel can achieve a significant saving of computational time in predicting wheel–rail forces. In producing Figure 17(a) (the vehicle traveled a distance of300 m at the speed of 100 m/s) with the sameconsumer-grade laptop computer, the TTISIM program took 42.57 s, while the simplified V3-R1C modeltook only 0.08 s, which is over 500 times more efficient. From Figure 17, these two models give almostidentical results of wheel–rail force