A fair amount of systematic knowled

A fair amount of systematic knowledge was gained from these lines of research. Some of it was "negative" (in the sense of the finding that color did not improve the learning effectiveness of instruction in movies). Others were positive, although limited in their applicability (such as the conclusion that concepts involving motion could best be learned from displays showing that motion). Notably, however, the various investigations that were done, on various theoretical grounds, did not pose the questions that lead to crucial experiments. That is to say, while several different theories may have been guiding different studies, the research did not arrive at the point of finding ways to decide which was best among these theories, or among the hypotheses to which they led. This state of affairs should not be viewed as surprising. Instead, it indicates that research in the field of instructional technology was, after all, a very new and youthful discipline, as it still is today.