One of the most controversial issues in task-relevant VPL is which stage/brain area of visual information processing is changed in association with task-relevant VPL. Most models of taskrelevant VPL are roughly classified according to which stage/area is assumed to be associated with task-relevant VPL: the early-stage model, the mid-stage model, and the late-stage model.“Stage” is a term to be used for visual information processing, and “area” is an anatomically and/or neurophysiologically defined region in the brain.