This paper contributes to the liter

This paper contributes to the literature on PAR and co-design related to recycling behaviour and behavioural change. First, there are various approaches to behaviour change in design, but there is no accepted unified model or lookup table for designing for behaviour change (Niedderer, 2018). It is thus necessary to look for the appropriate and useful parts of design in the real world. In PAR, both the fuzzy front end and the back end of the development process are explored in practice. Through the use of ‘things’, such as drawings, prototypes and artefacts, cases and problems around design for sustainable behaviour can be manifested, discussed and explored practically. Second, partnerships between experts (i.e., design researchers–designers–residents) can better position designers to develop more appropriate interventions that we may not have considered. The use of PAR to co-design, which corresponds to the basic approaches to behaviour change proposed by Lockton et al. (2010), can motivate behaviour, increase the attraction for users and make the target behaviour easier for users to do.