The metal−support interaction may i

The metal−support interaction may influence catalytic performances in different ways, including (i) geometric effects (changes in NP size, morphology, or strain due to the presence of the support), (ii) electronic effects (e.g., charge transfer between metal and support or “ligand” effects due to coordination of the metal by the support), (iii) interfacial reactivity (where specific sites at the metal−support interface provide a given reactivity),393 or even (iv) direct participation of the support in the catalysis (see section 3.4).394 Electronic, geometric, and ligand effects are interrelated,395 and it is not possible to clearly discriminate each single contribution. In the case of carbon supports, the rich surface chemistry of carbon materials as well as the broad spectrum of structurally different carbon materials offer interesting perspectives to modify the catalytic performances.