Nevertheless, the endo-β-1,4-galactanase digestion (Figure 1B) and LM5 epitope detection (Figure 1D) might be affected by accessibility, we cannot exclude that there are also effects on accessibility of the β-1,4-galactans to enzymes and antibodies. The application of D-Gal, which increased β-1,4-galactan levels in Arabidopsis , indeed aggravated the suppression of primary root growth caused by salt stress (Figure 3 and Figure S5). These results clearly suggest that β-1,4-galactan synthesized by GALS1 aggravates salt sensitivity.