The objective of this article is to

The objective of this article is to minimize the cost of energy purchased on a real-time basis for a storage-integrated photovoltaic (PV) system installed in a microgrid. Under non-linear storage charging/discharging characteristics, as well as uncertain solar energy generation, demands, and market prices, it is a complex task. It requires a proper level of tradeoff between storing too much and too little energy in the battery: future excess PV energy is lost in the former case, and demand is exposed to future high electricity prices in the latter case. We propose a reinforcement learning approach to deal with a non-stationary environment and non-linear storage characteristics. To make this approach applicable, a novel formulation of the decision problem is presented, which focuses on the optimization of grid energy purchases rather than on direct storage control. This limits the complexity of the state and action space, making it possible to achieve satisfactory learning speed and avoid stability issues. Then the Q-learning algorithm combined with a dense deep neural network for function representation is used to learn an optimal decision policy. The algorithm incorporates enhancements that were found to improve learning speed and stability by prior work, such as experience replay, target network, and increasing discount factor. Extensive simulation results performed on real data confirm that our approach is effective and outperforms rule-based heuristics.