4、Air sampling is efficient for capturing fungal diversity changes of not only soil-inhabiting fungi, such as ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi, but also wood-decaiyng fungi, lichens, endophytes, and plant pathogens. We conclude that urbanization can result in marked variation in fungal community composition already at the local scale, and that such variation is more efficiently captured by air sampling than by soil sampling. Aerial fungal sampling can be applied globally with standardized methods, providing an exciting avenue of research for the global Impacts of urbanization on the fungal kingdom.