The reason why our approaches treat the payload of a packet as a header is because P4 switches can only manipulate the headers parsed from a packet. Because the P4 switches need to manipulate the packet payloads to aggregate or disaggregate them, our approaches take an innovative way to view the packet payloads as headers. For example, we treat the payload of an IoT message as a type of header (msg) and treat the payload of an N-packet as another type of header (agg).