The integration of the functional measures of metabolism provided by DNP-13C-MRSI incombination with the enhanced glycolytic flux through lactate dehydrogenase in cells survivingsevere ischemia overcomes important sensitivity constraints of current imaging paradigms that limitthe effectiveness of mRECIST for detecting latent disease. Firstly, these criteria specify a completeimaging response as the absence of residual viable tumor based on the lack of intratumoral contrastenhancement within target lesions on arterial phase imaging (i.e. increased signal due to contrastleaving the arteries and entering the tumor tissue, 21). However, a minority of lesions undergocomplete necrosis and local recurrence of HCC has been shown to be common after a completeimaging response (21). Indeed, our finding that severe ischemia induces cellular quiescence insurviving HCC cells provides a potential mechanism to explain the clinical phenotype of recurrent disease in the setting of a complete imaging response. Together, these findings indicate that theabsence of intratumoral contrast enhancement denotes tissue ischemia with variable necrosisunderscoring the limited sensitivity of contrast enhancement on MRI for the detection of tissue-levelvascular patency. In each embolized animal, the enhanced sensitivity afforded by DNP-13C-MRSIenabled the detection of intratumoral 1-13C-pyruvate despite the absence of intratumoral arterialphasecontrast enhancement. Secondly, while the intratumoral delivery of 1-13C-pyruvatedemonstrates persistent perfusion following TAE, functional imaging biomarkers are required for thedirect detection of viable cell populations.
The integration of the functional measures of metabolism provided by DNP-13C-MRSI in<br>combination with the enhanced glycolytic flux through lactate dehydrogenase in cells surviving<br>severe ischemia overcomes important sensitivity constraints of current imaging paradigms that limit<br>the effectiveness of mRECIST for detecting latent disease. Firstly, these criteria specify a complete<br>imaging response as the absence of residual viable tumor based on the lack of intratumoral contrast<br>enhancement within target lesions on arterial phase imaging (i.e. increased signal due to contrast<br>leaving the arteries and entering the tumor tissue, 21). However, a minority of lesions undergo<br>complete necrosis and local recurrence of HCC has been shown to be common after a complete<br>imaging response (21). Indeed, our finding that severe ischemia induces cellular quiescence in<br>surviving HCC cells provides a potential mechanism to explain the clinical phenotype of recurrent disease in the setting of a complete imaging response. Together, these findings indicate that the<br>absence of intratumoral contrast enhancement denotes tissue ischemia with variable necrosis<br>underscoring the limited sensitivity of contrast enhancement on MRI for the detection of tissue-level<br>vascular patency. In each embolized animal, the enhanced sensitivity afforded by DNP-13C-MRSI<br>enabled the detection of intratumoral 1-13C-pyruvate despite the absence of intratumoral arterialphase<br>contrast enhancement. Secondly, while the intratumoral delivery of 1-13C-pyruvate<br>demonstrates persistent perfusion following TAE, functional imaging biomarkers are required for the<br>direct detection of viable cell populations.
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