Figure 4 summarizes our results. We

Figure 4 summarizes our results. We find that,in highly entrepreneurially active fields com-pared to less entrepreneurially active fields, (1) the likelihood of denial for generalizedexchange-based sharing increases, and the likelihood of successful exchange becomes more tied to direct exchange offers; (2) the proportion of direct exchange-based sharing increases; and (3) the total number of requests declines. In other words, differences in prevalence of field-level entrepreneurial activity are associated with differences in the rates and forms of sharing. Going beyond prior literature that focuses on antinormative behavior of entrepreneurially active scientists (e.g., Campbell et al. 2000; Walsh et al. 2007), this study suggests a general shift in norms that affects even scientists who are not themselves entrepreneurially active.