Consistent associations with IHD mortality were also observed for higher cumulative levels of smokeless coal use over the entire lifetime (>196 ton-years, HR ¼ 4.9, 95% CI ¼ 1.9–12.9) and when comparing the highest lifetime cumulative levels of smokeless coal use with the lowest lifetime cumulative levels of smoky coal use (HR ¼ 3.4, 95% CI ¼ 1.5–7.9), but risk of IHD mortality was not increased in relation to cumulative lifetime coal use among smoky coal users (Supplementary Tables 2–4, available as Supplementary data at IJE online).