The adrenal glands (AGs) are relatively small yet require definitiveidentification during their resection, or more commonly theiravoidance. To enable image-guided surgery involving the AGs, wehave developed novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores that targetthe AGs after a single intravenous injection, which provided dualNIR image-guided resection or avoidance of the AGs during bothopen and minimally-invasive surgery