NF-κB is activated by two distinct

NF-κB is activated by two distinct pathways namely, non-canonical/alternate and the canonical/classical pathways. Whiles the non-canonical /alternative pathway is activated by lympho toxin β, B cell activating factor, CD40 ligand, and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand leading to the activation of RelB/p52 complexes. The canonical pathway, on the other hand, is activated by microbial products and proinfammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1 which triggers the acti vation of RelA (p65)- or cRel (p50/p105)-containing com plexes. The binding of NF-kB on some target genes results in the transcription of over 500 genes involved in infammation, immunoregulation, carcinogenesis, growth regulation, and apoptosis thus playing a crucial role in infammation .