The QCM chips, with or without polymer coating, were first rinsed with PBS buffer to obtain the baseline. At 25 °C and a flow rate of 50 μL/min, a freshly prepared protein solution (BSA or fibrinogen, 1.0 mg/mL) was flowed through the chips for 15 min, followed by flushing the chip surface with PBS buffer for another 15 min to remove the unbound or loosely bound proteins. The amount of protein adsorbed on surfaces was quantified by measuring the