This effect could not be explained

This effect could not be explained by the influence of ingroup identification. Study 3 strengthened these claims using an alternative manipulation of perceiving the group as TG and testing the hypothesis in a Jewish Israeli as well as in a Palestinian Israeli sample. In Study 4, we applied the main hypotheses to a real-life public dilemma, involving a captured Israeli soldier, and showed that the hypotheses were supported in a real-life setting as well as in the laboratory. Effect sizes in the studies were generally medium-sized. This fact, coupled with the replication of the results using different experimental manipulations in a number of different samples differing in their demographic as well as cultural characteristics, speak to the reliability and robustness of the results.