Among various classes of orchids, p

Among various classes of orchids, phalaenopsis orchids have high economic value in the floriculture industry [93]. Hybridization and cross-pollination have proven to be very reliable techniques for the production of a wide range of successful cultivars. In vitro propagation makes it possible to clonally mass propagate; however, in vitro culture technologies are still a challenge because of the slow growth of plantlets, low multiplication rate, poor rooting, and somaclonal variation. In this regard, micropropagation through protocorm-like bodies obtained from germinating embryos and somatic tissues is an important strategy in obtaining genetically stable plants and the improvement of quality [93]. Seed culture is widely used for large, rapid propagation and large-scale seedling production. For producing large-scale seedlings of Capparis spinosa Ma et al. sterilized the seeds with 0.1% HgCl2 (12 min) and utilized optimum MS medium supplemented with activated carbon [94]. Several examples of seed cultures are highlighted in Table 2.2.