For clotting time, the mats were cut into circular samples (1 cm in diameter) and incubated with 500μl human plasma in 48-well plates at 37°C. The human plasma without samples was used as the control group. After 1-h incubation, the human plasma was collected and the full human plasma activated partial thromboplastin (APTT) of the plasmas were measured with STA compact MAX automatic coagulation analyzer.