Various methods have been used to r

Various methods have been used to remove dead cells and thick biofilms from surfaces. These include oxidation, changing flow rates, rotating the surface, treating with antibiotics, using enzymes, and mechanical cleaning (Janczewski & Trusek-Holownia, 2016; Nguyen et al., 2012). In view of the toxicity, environmental concerns and limited availability in large-scale applications, we cannot consider these systems to be truly sustainable and feasible methods (Islam et al., 2017a; Liu et al., 2016). Efforts have been made to combat biological fouling on membrane surfaces using various methods such as pre-treatment (Ghasemi et al., 2013) , chemical agents (Pandit et al., 2012) and proton membrane surface modification. Researchers have recently focused on identifying the biological triggers responsible for microbial attachment to these surfaces. These studies aim to improve membrane biofouling prevention and enhance the performance of membrane-based water treatment systems (Ghasemi et al., 2012; Li et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2018a; Slade et al., 2002)。Controlling biofilm formation is another effective strategy to mitigate membrane fouling, in addition to biofilm removal and enhancement of biofilm separation.