It is a basic requirement that the

It is a basic requirement that the design of hydraulic structures should make allowance for the actions. The term “actions” means an amount of factors being usually or actually sustained by structures, which result in stress and deflection within structures named as “effects.” Actions may be direct or indirect, the former refers to concentrated or distributed forces, which are conventionally called as “loads”; the latter means the factors inducing extra deformation and restricted stress which are stipulated for the earthquake, thermal variation, etc.