When cells are exposed to excessive

When cells are exposed to excessive mechanical stress,the plasma membrane can locally rupture, resulting in an influx of extracellular Ca2+. Uncontrolled and dramatic intracellular Ca2+increase disturbs Ca2+-signaling processes1, and activates Ca2+-dependent scramblases. Under these premises, a Ca2+ - triggered repair system is required to maintain plasma membrane integrity for cell survival and homeostasis in both single-cell and multicellular organisms. Other than that, resealing of the plasma membrane may involve intracellular vesicle delivery and Ca2+-dependent exocytosis, which assuages the significant membrane tension created by the cortical cytoskeleton in cells. The Ca2+-triggered repair system also involves cytoskeleton reorganization9, membrane internalization, or shedding of damaged membranes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the aforementioned functions are still not understood.