The three-dimensional topography of

The three-dimensional topography of the P. aeruginosa biofilm in different conditions examined by AFM is also given in Fig. 3. A highly dense biofilm surface was observed in the control P. aeruginosa biofilm (Fig. 3A), which showed a roughness average, peak height, and peak-valley height of 91.86 ± 11.68, 375.13 ± 20.93, and 725.98 ± 59.88 nm, respectively (Table 1). Loss of the bacterial biofilm surface was observed in the D-YaSP (Fig. 3B), F-YaSP (Fig. 3C), D-GM (Fig. 3D), F-GM (Fig. 3E), and α-mangostin (Fig. 3F) treatment groups, which all had a significant reduction (p