English was largely taught in the Turkmen-Turkish schools by Turkish teachers (Sartor, 2010), but the closure of these schools is also limiting the number of teachers of English. Although the teaching of Russian and English is limited, there appears to be a strong desire among Turkmen people to learn both as they are seen as providing greater opportunities for work and study, although English seems to be emerging as the more popular language (Permanov, Protasov, & Golubeva, 2010).