The ERP component P3b refers to wor

The ERP component P3b refers to working-memory updating following early sensory processing when humans detecta contextual change [32]. From Figure 8(c), we can conclude that close icons induced larger P3b amplitudes than faricons did. This indicates that close icons more readily triggered the cognitive functions associated with memory operations. When a target icon was shown, the participant wouldfirst detect its novelty, and only after this would the changefrom the previous (non-target) icon to the current (target) iconbe updated into the working memory, allowing further cognitive processes and the completion of the task. Based on ourP3b results and those of previous studies [32], we would suggest that target icons with close semantic distance are morecapable of causing participants to detect context change andupdate their working memory. This would also benefit latercognitive processes related to the task, such as increasing hitrate. However, in contrast to our N1 and N2 results, P3b amplitudes were not affected by presenting-speed changes, norwas there any main effect of presenting speed on P3b. Thissuggested that the semantic distance of icons was the majorfactor to the updating of working memory (P3b) in the “sliding menu” scenario.