Schwab (1980)Thomas Kalliath and Paula Broughhas recommended the following criteria be used for demonstrating construct validity for example: (a) content validity, which is the degree to which a measure’s items are a proper sample of the theoretical content domain of the construct (Schriesheim, Powers, Scandura, Gardiner & Lankau 1993); (b) dimensionality of the measure established through confirmatory factor analysis (Bollen 1989; Marsh 1995); (c) convergent and divergent validity to demonstrate that a scale captures a phenomenon that is distinct from what is assessed by other measures (Nunnally & Bernstein 1994); (d) internal consistency, the extent to which items included in the measure are correlated to one another (Nunnally 1978); and (e) measurement invariance, the extent to which the factor structure of a measure is invariant across samples (Bagozzi & Yi 1988; Bollen 1989; Marsh 1995).