The examples in (25) and (26) have extended text reference, (25) to the series of activitiesthat the student in question had reportedly been engaged in, noting down his teachers’views and serving them up in his own words, and (26) to the reported claim that ‘‘the dissertation is now ready and will sent by the end of June’’. (27) has non-extended backwards reference (the antecedent of statistics being directly recoverable from the previous speaker’s turn). The highlighted elements in this category are often, as here, in the form of a nonpronominal NP.