一些过渡金属碳化物如WC、VC和TiC等因其具有高硬度、高熔化温度、高

一些过渡金属碳化物如WC、VC和TiC等因其具有高硬度、高熔化温度、高导热性和相对较高的化学稳定性等显着性能而被用作切削工具和磨料材料[1,2]。这些碳化物以单相或与其他相结合生产硬质合金广泛用于上述应用。就 VC 而言，这涉及与 Co、Ag 或 Fe 等粘结金属形成复合材料 [3-5]。由于其优异的高化学稳定性、高硬度（9-9.5莫氏）和高温性能（熔点=2810°C），VC也被考虑用作催化剂、硬质合金和强化相中晶粒生长的抑制剂在基质或涂层材料中[6-8]。当前金属陶瓷制造面临的挑战是开发提供所需产品特性的简单合成方法。许多方法已被用来合成超细和纳米金属陶瓷，例如水热[11]、放电等离子烧结[12]、溶胶-凝胶[13]和热等静压[14]。但由于时间、经济、效率等原因，大部分工艺尚未在实际生产中广泛应用。

Some transition metal carbides such as WC, VC, and TiC are used as cutting tools and abrasive materials due to their significant properties such as high hardness, high melting temperature, high thermal conductivity, and relatively high chemical stability [1,2]. These carbides are widely used in the production of hard alloys in single-phase or in combination with other phases for the aforementioned applications. As for VC, this involves forming composite materials with bonding metals such as Co, Ag, or Fe [3-5]. Due to its excellent high chemical stability, high hardness (9-9.5 Mohs), and high-temperature performance (melting point=2810 ° C), VC has also been considered as an inhibitor of grain growth in catalysts, hard alloys, and strengthening phases in matrix or coating materials [6-8]. The current challenge in metal ceramic manufacturing is to develop simple synthesis methods that provide the required product characteristics. Many methods have been used to synthesize ultrafine and nano cermets, such as hydrothermal [11], spark plasma sintering [12], sol gel [13] and hot isostatic pressing [14]. However, due to factors such as time, economy, and efficiency, most processes have not yet been widely applied in actual production.

Some transition metal carbides such as WC, VC and TiC are used as cutting tools and abrasive materials because of their remarkable properties such as high hardness, high melting temperature, high thermal conductivity and relatively high chemical stability [1,2]. These carbides are widely used in the above applications to produce cemented carbides in single phase or in combination with others. As far as VC is concerned, this involves forming composite materials with bonding metals such as Co, Ag or Fe [3-5]. Because of its excellent high chemical stability, high hardness (9-9.5 Mohs) and high temperature performance (melting point = 2810 C), VC is also considered as a catalyst, cemented carbide and inhibitor of grain growth in strengthening phase in matrix or coating materials [6-8]. At present, the challenge of cermet manufacturing is to develop simple synthesis methods that provide the required product characteristics. Many methods have been used to synthesize ultrafine and nano cermets, such as hydrothermal [11], spark plasma sintering [12], sol-gel [13] and hot isostatic pressing [14]. However, due to time, economy, efficiency and other reasons, most of the processes have not been widely used in actual production.