Comparing with solid-state sinterin

Comparing with solid-state sintering, in which mass transport is facilitated mainly by high temperature [3], aqueous solution in CSP enables ions/ atom mass transport in liquid phase, which is a more efficient way than solid-state transport. The mass transport in solid and liquid phase can be further explained by diffusivity, which is represented as Dgbδgb for grain boundary diffusion in solid state sintering and DLδL in liquid phase sintering, where Dgb and DL are diffusion coefficients of atoms at grain boundary and liquid, respectively.δgb is the thickness of surface diffusion, and δL is the width of the liquid bridge [31].