The study found that the NDWI and N

The study found that the NDWI and NDVI indices increased considerably more in recent year (2017) than in the previous decades. This might have contributed to the wetland shrinkage during the period. Conversely, the spatial trend of dense and sparse vegetation increased in recent years, with the NDVI values closed to 1 in the major part of the study area which connotes that vegetation has almost displaced wetland in the region. Consequently, if this wetland shift persists, such development can have negative effects on the ecosystem and wetland animals as well as environmental health deterioration. The results further suggest that the NDWI and NDVI can be co-joined with land feature classification to identify the state of wetland and its potential implication on biodiversity and the environment. This study further found that the shrinkage of wetland extent in 2017 was more evident than in the previous decades. However, using NDVI and NDWI, as well as land feature classification may not give the ultimate outcome on wetland depletion as other factors can also be assessed. Subsequently, a more thorough wetland dynamics assessment and landscapes monitoring, anthropogenic activities such as agricultural practices, human encroachment and other natural factors include climate variables (rainfall, evapotranspiration, temperature and relative humidity) coupled with remote sensing information are required.