Given widespread public concern ove

Given widespread public concern over obesity in recent years, and the rise of a huge weight-loss industry that encourages people to be careful about how much they eat, it may seem obvious that if fast-food consumers can read how much they are eating on the food labels, they will cut back on eating. This, however, is often not the case. A study of two McDonald’s restaurants in New York, sampling 1,121 adults, showed that even when directly given the relevant information, people’s meal choices were not affected. The New York University School of Medicine had similar results in its study of 2,000 customers of McDonald’s and Burger King in Philadelphia. In fact, studies repeatedly indicate that calorie counters are not effective in encouraging people to eat less.A Stanford University study did, however, find that Starbucks’ customers reduced their calories by about 6% when they knew how many calories the food contained. Calorie counters, therefore, were not completely useless—but what was different about this group of consumers?Part of the answer lies in the fact that Starbucks, although technically a fast-food retailer, markets its products to higher-income people who are typically both better-educated and more accustomed to interpreting different kinds of information. In other words, they are better able to understand what the calorie count on a label means in terms of the effect on their bodies. That point was examined in a further study. Researchers from Jobs Hopkins University studying low-income neighborhood teenagers posted signs in shops that valued sweet drinks not by the traditional calorie count, but by stating how much exercise would be needed to burn off those calories. The teenagers were found to reduce what they bought by as much as 40%. Furthermore, similar experiments with higher-income people who did understand calorie counters showed that “exercise-equivalent” values were also effective.The researchers suggested that many people do not read or consider calorie counters properly because they are busy, stressed, and distracted. This seems to be another manifestation of the information overload which is a feature of the modern world and indicates the need for more user-friendly label designs that anyone can quickly and easily understand. Calorie counters just need an upgrade.1 (单选题)What does “This” in Paragraph 1 refer to?AFast-food consumers will cut back on eating when they are informed. B People do not like fast food as much as they did before. C People are starting to pay attention to the amount of calories when choosing fast food.D People do not care about calories at all.2 (多选题)Economists from Stanford University found that __________.Aconsumers reduced purchase of fast food by 6 percentB consumers chose to purchase products with fewer caloriesC consumers did not take in as many calories as they did beforeDconsumers required Starbucks to cut 15 calories off their products3 (多选题)The results of the studies by New York University School of Medicine and Stanford University are _________.Asimilar B different Cnot given D unknown4 (多选题)Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?AThe study on calorie counters was conducted in different cities.B Consumers with higher income and better education pay more attention to calorie intake. CThe study on calorie counters was not made in only one university.DMcDonald’s and Starbucks’ customers did not care about calorie counters.5 (多选题)“Exercise-equivalent” values were effective for __________.Alow-income teenagers B higher-income people C both low-income teenagers and higher-income peopleD neither low-income teenagers nor higher-income people