Hybrid pre-cast composite structura

Hybrid pre-cast composite structural systemThe hybrid composite frame developed by Hong et al. consists of a structural tee, reinforcement steels, and pre-cast concrete. Previous studies verified the advantages of the hybrid pre-cast composite structural system.The hybrid composite structural system is based on semi-dry construction techniques; this reduces the construction schedule, minimizes the use of tempor- ary materials such as formwork, and leads to sav- ings in embodied energy.10,11This method also provides solutions for the floor height of apartment buildings with a RC Rahmen frame and demonstrates its structural and economic effi- ciency and constructability through tests and simulations.12,13This system provides a level of architectural flexibility that is not offered by conventional bearing-wall structures, and maximizes the efficiency of material use through the optimized relocation of structural steel, cast-in-place concrete, and precast concrete based on the strain compatibility approach.14,15This study investigated diverse structural systems with building applications, including flat slabs, RC frames, lateral Smart Frames (LSFs) for dual systems, and gravity Smart Frames (GSFs) for building frame systems. Dual systems require that the moment frames be capable of resisting at least 25% of the design seis- mic forces, and building frame systems are essentially complete space frames providing supports for vertical loads. This paper presents structural systems that reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption, contri- buting to not only efficient structural behaviour, but also a healthy environment.Lateral Smart FrameThe LSF is a pre-cast composite structural system that can be used as part of a dual frame system. The LSF is a moment-resisting frame using bolting and welding between a beam and column bracket, as shown in Figure 1. The steel sections placed at each end of a composite beam contribute to the flexural moment-resisting capacity of the composite beam. The LSF with moment connections used for dual systems should resist at least 25% of the design seismic forces, as required by ASCE 7-10.16