Both the direct and indirect physic

Both the direct and indirect physical effects of environment thus far instanced are obvious in themselves and easilyexplained. Far different is it with the majority of physicaleffects, especially those of climate, whose mode of operation ismuch more obscure than was once supposed. The moderngeographer does not indulge in the naive hypothesis of thel&st century, which assumed a prompt and direct effect ofenvironment upon the form and features of man. Carl Ritterregarded the small, slit eyes and swollen lids of the Turkomanas Man obvious effect of the desert upon the organism.” Stan-hope Smith ascribed the high shoulders and short neck ofthe Tartares of Mongolia to their habit of raising theirshoulders to protect the neck against the cold; their small,squinting eyes, overhanging brows, broad faces and high cheekbones, to the effect of the bitter, driving winds and the glareof the snow, till, he says, "every feature by the action of thecold is harsh and di8torted?,,B These profound influences ofa severe climate upon physiognomy he finds also among theLapps, northern Mongolians, Samoyedes and Eskimo.