A retrospective review of patients treated in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Disease Hospital between January 2001 and December 2010 was undertaken. The inclusion criteria were massive hemoptysis defined as expectoration of at least 200 mL of blood on each occasion or more than 600 mL in 24 hours; anatomic major pulmonary resection including lobectomy, bilobectomy, and pneumonectomy; histologic or bacteriologic pulmonary tuberculosis.