Urban drainage systems (UDSs) are designed to collect urban runoffand convey residential discharges to receiving water bodies. However,the limited storage and conveyance capacity of UDSs yield difficultiesin delaying flood peaks, buffering over-size runoff, and reducing peakwater depth under extreme storm events (O’Donnell et al., 2019).Urban flooding entails adverse impacts on social, environmental, ecological, and economic perspectives and, consequently, endangers residential areas (Wing et al., 2018). These consequences include life andproperty losses by street overflows, traffic jam due to drainage systems'failure, health issues resulting from possible pollutant intrusion intodrinking water system, species reduction because of habitat loss,pollutant over-loading in watersheds, and availability decrease of freshwater resources for meeting increased population growth (Arrighi et al.,2018). Thus, it is of great importance to keep UDSs in an adaptive statusto be against the mounting flood challenges.
Urban drainage systems (UDSs) are designed to collect urban runoff<br>and convey residential discharges to receiving water bodies. However,<br>the limited storage and conveyance capacity of UDSs yield difficulties<br>in delaying flood peaks, buffering over-size runoff, and reducing peak<br>water depth under extreme storm events (O’Donnell et al., 2019).<br>Urban flooding entails adverse impacts on social, environmental, ecological, and economic perspectives and, consequently, endangers residential areas (Wing et al., 2018). These consequences include life and<br>property losses by street overflows, traffic jam due to drainage systems'<br>failure, health issues resulting from possible pollutant intrusion into<br>drinking water system, species reduction because of habitat loss,pollutant over-loading in watersheds, and availability decrease of freshwater resources for meeting increased population growth (Arrighi et al.,<br>2018). Thus, it is of great importance to keep UDSs in an adaptive status<br>to be against the mounting flood challenges.
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