Okungukuthi, isifunda se-electronic (okuhlanganisa i-amplifier, iswishi ye-analog-to-digital, umthombo wamanje noma kagesi, isilawuli, isici sesinxephezelo, isekethe yokuvikela, njll.) nezinto zesignali (ezifana nesibonisi, ukuphrinta, ukudluliswa kwedatha nokugcinwa) ezicubungulayo. isignali yedivayisi yeselula yokulayisha, njll.). Lesi sigaba sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi idivayisi yokulinganisa umthwalo noma idivayisi yesibili. Ngokwesilinganiso sedijithali, ngokuvamile sihlanganisa izixhumanisi ezifana nokukhulisa kusengaphambili, ukuhlunga, ukusebenza, ukushintsha, ukubala, ukurekhoda, ukuhlola kanye nesiginali yokushayela.