Indications1. Assessment of renal and perirenal masses2. Assessment of the dilated upper urinary tract3. Assessment of flank pain during pregnancy4. Evaluation of hematuria in patients who are not candidates forintravenous pyelography, computed tomography, or magneticresonance imaging because of renal insufficiency, allergy tocontrast media, or physical impediment5. Assessment of the effects of voiding on the upper urinary tract6. Evaluation for and monitoring of urolithiasis7. Intraoperative renal parenchyma and vascular imaging for abla-tion of renal masses8. Percutaneous access to the renal collecting system9. Guidance for transcutaneous renal biopsies, cyst aspiration, orablation of renal masses10. Postoperative evaluation of patients after renal and ureteralsurgery11. Postoperative evaluation of patients with renal transplants