Spirituality can be expressed in se

Spirituality can be expressed in several ways. The expressions of spirituality are often influenced by personality traits, developmental processes, values, belief systems, environment, and culture (Johnstone et al., 2012; Pesut, 2008). A person can express spirituality through religious and non-religious practices (Koenig et al., 2001; Tanyi, 2002). The various ways to express one’s spirituality may include practices such as prayers, meditation, nature walks, community participation, and yoga (Anandarajah, 2008), showing love, being present, listening, and communication (Egan et al., 2011). In addition, art, music, literature, dance, drama are also forms of spiritual expression (Delgado, 2005). These spiritual expressions allow family caregivers to meet and understand their own and others’ spiritual needs and also guide their caregiving decisions and actions (Egan et al., 2011). Studies have indicated religious rituals, recitations, and prayers as commonly used spiritual expressions among different faith communities (Ahmad, 2012; Dedeli, Yildiz, & Yuksel, 2015; Rahimi,et al., 2013).