Peak biofilm formation in CBDs was

Peak biofilm formation in CBDs was observed after 6 h of incubation, after which the biofilm began to disperse naturally (data not shown). The effect of CAD on biofilm formation was assessed in two ways, using the crystal violet (CV) and sonication methods. All CAD concentrations caused a reduction in biofilm cells compared to the no-CAD control (Fig. 4) according to both methods. A statistical analysis was performed to compare the results for each sub-MIC against the MIC (11.8 mM). This was carried out because the main objective of this study was to look for the effects of CAD at sub-MICs in comparison to the MIC. At 5.9 and 11.8 mM CAD, 40.6 and 91.9 % inhibition (sonication method) and 79.7 and 97.1 % inhibition (CV method), respectively, were found (Fig. 4). At 1.5 and 3 mM CAD, 10.7 and 10.9 % inhibition (sonication method) and 28.2 and 37.9 % inhibition (CV method), respectively, were demonstrated. Thus, in every case, the CV method yielded higher biofilm inhibition results compared to the sonication method (Fig. 4). However, according to both methods, CAD at sub-MIC significantly (P value