The governing equations in differen

The governing equations in different computational domains are summarized in Table 2. The product water of electrochemical reactions is assumed to be membrane water [35]. The liquid water, water vapor, and ice are subsequently generated through phase changes, depending on local temperature and pressure conditions. Detailed water phase transition mechanisms and phase change functions can be found in our previous studies [35,37]. The source terms in the governing equations are listed in Table 3.