Among low-temperature and external

Among low-temperature and external pressure ceramic densification methods including spark plasma sintering6 and hydrothermal sintering, cold sintering process features materials densification in an open system8 at significantly reduced processing temperatures, which is enabled by the presence of transient phase. Several technological advantages of the cold sintering includes 1) preservation of nanocrystalline size, 2) co-processing of ceramic composites, 3) densification of thermodynamically metastable materials, 4) fabrication of multilayer electroceramics and 5) significant energy reduction. Although its uniaxial pressure requirement has been occasionally regarded as a methodological limitation, the recent size scale-up cold sintering process demonstrated its promising potential in industrial implementation, which can operate below 50 MPa.