Stage I (mild) – Early Infection:Th

Stage I (mild) – Early Infection:The initial stage occurs at the time of inoculation and early establishment of disease. For most people, thisinvolves an incubation period associated with mild and often non-specific symptoms such as malaise, fever anda dry cough. During this period, SARS-CoV-2 multiplies and establishes residence in the host, primarily focusingon the respiratory system. Similar to its older relative, SARS-CoV (responsible for the 2002-2003 SARSoutbreak), SARS-CoV-2 binds to its target using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor onhuman cells.8 These receptors are abundantly present on human lung and small intestine epithelium, as well asthe vascular endothelium. As a result of the airborne method of transmission as well as affinity for pulmonaryACE2 receptors, the infection usually presents with mild respiratory and systemic symptoms. Diagnosis at thisstage includes respiratory sample PCR, serum testing for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM, along with chest imaging,complete blood count (CBC) and liver function tests. CBC may reveal a lymphopenia and neutrophilia withoutother significant abnormalities. Treatment at this stage is primarily targeted towards symptomatic relief.Should a viable anti-viral therapy (such as remdesivir) be proven beneficial, targeting selected patients duringthis stage may reduce duration of symptoms, minimize contagiousness and prevent progression of severity. Inpatients who can keep the virus limited to this stage of COVID-19, prognosis and recovery is excellent.Stage II (moderate) - Pulmonary Involvement (IIa) without and (IIb) with hypoxia:In the second stage of established pulmonary disease, viral multiplication and localized inflammation in thelung is the norm. During this stage, patients develop a viral pneumonia, with cough, fever and possibly hypoxia(defined as a PaO2/FiO2 of

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第一阶段（轻度）–早期感染： 初始阶段发生在接种和疾病早发之时。对于大多数人来说，这 涉及一个潜伏期，该潜伏期与轻度且通常是非特异性的症状（例如不适，发烧和 干咳）有关。在此期间，SARS-CoV-2繁殖并在宿主中建立居所，主要集中 在呼吸系统上。类似于其较早的亲戚SARS-CoV（应对2002-2003年SARS 爆发），SARS-CoV-2使用 人体细胞上的血管紧张素转化酶2（ACE2）受体与其靶标结合。8这些受体大量存在对人的肺和小肠上皮以及 血管内皮。由于空气传播的传播方法以及对肺 ACE2受体的亲和力，这种感染通常表现为轻度的呼吸道和全身症状。此 阶段的诊断包括呼吸道样本PCR，SARS-CoV-2 IgG和IgM的血清检测，以及胸部成像， 全血细胞计数（CBC）和肝功能检测。CBC可能显示出淋巴细胞减少症和中性粒细胞增多，而没有 其他明显异常。此阶段的治疗主要针对症状缓解。 如果一种可行的抗病毒疗法（例如瑞昔韦韦）被证明是有益的，那么在 此阶段针对特定患者进行治疗可减少症状持续时间，将传染性降至最低，并防止严重程度恶化。在 可以将病毒限制在此阶段COVID-19的患者，预后和恢复都非常好。 II期（中度）-缺氧（IIa）和缺氧（IIb） 的肺部感染：在已确立的肺部疾病的第二阶段，病毒增殖和 肺部局部炎症是正常现象。在此阶段，患者会出现病毒性肺炎，伴有咳嗽，发烧甚至可能缺氧 （定义为PaO2 / FiO2为

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Stage I (mild) – Early Infection: The initial stage occurs at the time of inoculation and early establishment of disease. For most people, this involves an incubation period associated with mild and often non-specific symptoms such as malaise, fever and a dry cough. During this period, SARS-CoV-2 multiplies and establishes residence in the host, primarily focusing on the respiratory system. Similar to its older relative, SARS-CoV (responsible for the 2002-2003 SARS outbreak), SARS-CoV-2 binds to its target using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on human cells.8 These receptors are abundantly present on human lung and small intestine epithelium, as well as the vascular endothelium. As a result of the airborne method of transmission as well as affinity for pulmonary ACE2 receptors, the infection usually presents with mild respiratory and systemic symptoms. Diagnosis at this stage includes respiratory sample PCR, serum testing for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM, along with chest imaging, complete blood count (CBC) and liver function tests. CBC may reveal a lymphopenia and neutrophilia without other significant abnormalities. Treatment at this stage is primarily targeted towards symptomatic relief. Should a viable anti-viral therapy (such as remdesivir) be proven beneficial, targeting selected patients during this stage may reduce duration of symptoms, minimize contagiousness and prevent progression of severity. In patients who can keep the virus limited to this stage of COVID-19, prognosis and recovery is excellent. Stage II (moderate) - Pulmonary Involvement (IIa) without and (IIb) with hypoxia: In the second stage of established pulmonary disease, viral multiplication and localized inflammation in the lung is the norm. During this stage, patients develop a viral pneumonia, with cough, fever and possibly hypoxia (defined as a PaO2/FiO2 of

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结果 (简体中文) 3:[复制]

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第一阶段（轻度）-早期感染： 初始阶段发生在接种和疾病早期建立时。对大多数人来说 包括一个潜伏期，伴随着轻微且通常是非特异性的症状，如不适、发烧和 干咳。在此期间，SARS-CoV-2倍增并在宿主体内定居，主要集中在 在呼吸系统上。类似于它的老亲戚，SARS冠状病毒（负责2002-2003年的SARS 暴发），SARS-CoV-2通过血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）受体与靶细胞结合 人类细胞。8这些受体大量存在于人的肺和小肠上皮，以及 血管内皮。由于空气传播的方法以及对肺的亲和力 ACE2受体，感染通常表现为轻微的呼吸和全身症状。在此诊断 阶段包括呼吸道样本PCR，血清检测SARS-CoV-2 IgG和IgM，以及胸部成像， 全血细胞计数（CBC）和肝功能检查。CBC可显示淋巴细胞减少和中性粒细胞增多 其他重大异常。现阶段的治疗主要针对症状缓解。 如果一个可行的抗病毒治疗（如雷德西韦）被证明是有益的，在 这一阶段可以缩短症状持续时间，减少传染性，防止病情恶化。在 患者可将病毒控制在本期COVID-19，预后及恢复良好。 II期（中度）-无缺氧的肺损伤（IIa）和有缺氧的肺损伤（IIb）： 在已确诊的肺部疾病的第二阶段，病毒增殖和局部炎症 肺是正常的。在这一阶段，病人发展为病毒性肺炎，伴有咳嗽、发烧和可能的缺氧 （定义为

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