· Radio. Radio signals have been used for a long time to transmit analog information. They are particularly attractive for long distance communication over difficult terrain or across the oceans, where the cost of installing cables can be too prohibitive. A minimum radio system consists of a transmitter and a receiver. It may operate at a variety of frequency bands, ranging from hundreds of Hz to hundreds of giga Hz (GHz). A huge range of transmission bandwidths are therefore possible. Microwave is by far the most widely used form of radio transmission. It operates in the GHz range with data rates in order of 100s of mbps per channel. Telecommunication carriers and TV stations are the primary users of microwave transmission.